What Invasion Meant for the Kurds
The Iraqi Kurds were supposed to be liberated by Saddam’s removal. Instead, they face corrupt regional parties and a hostile central state.
![](https://images.jacobinmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/17164608/i-mena-GettyImages-513277692.jpg)
(Yasin Akgul / AFP via Getty Images)
Back in 1988, when Saddam Hussein still found considerable support among Western powers, his government launched a chemical-weapons attack on the Kurdish population of Halabja, killing around five thousand. This massacre was part of Operation Anfal, which saw the wide-scale destruction of villages and the massacre of tens of thousands. It was just one chapter […]