The abominable massacre in Orlando made absolutely clear that transphobia and homophobia remain major problems in Western society. The killer, Omar Mateen, was a Muslim, and so the atrocity is unsurprisingly being weaponized against Muslims, revealing how pervasive Islamophobia is in the United States as well.

Islamophobia takes multiple, overlapping forms. The conservative Islamophobia of Trump supporters and assorted other racist forces casts Muslims as threats to the nation. A recent editorial in the Wall Street Journal offered a more sophisticated version of this worldview: “Can we finally drop the illusion that the jihadist fires that burn in the Middle East don’t pose an urgent and deadly threat to the American homeland?”

Liberal Islamophobia, on the other hand, presents Muslims as threats to progressive values such as feminism or LGBT equality. The post-Orlando comments of Barney Frank, a former Democratic representative from Massachusetts, exemplify this strand: