The American left continues to debate whether race or class is the motivating force of oppression and suffering in US society. But as many scholars have argued, the question rests on a faulty premise — race and class are inextricable in the historical development of capitalism in the US, and this remains true today.

This series of charts, which breaks down five social indicators by race and educational attainment (a common way to identify class), shows how race and class operate both separately and together to immiserate large swaths of society.

1. Poverty