The Founders’ Own Second Thoughts

Even the Founding Fathers had second thoughts about the system they had created.

Illustration of four delegates to the Continental Congress that began in colonial America, 1774. From left to right, John Adams, Robert Morris, Alexander Hamilton, and Thomas Jefferson.

In their private correspondence, the Founding Fathers expressed grave doubts about the Constitution they wrote and the fate of the young American republic. (Stock Montage / Getty Images)


“In vain was the collected wisdom of America convened at Philadelphia. In vain were the anxious labours of a Washington bestowed. Their works are regarded as nothing better than empty bubbles destined to be blown away.”

Alexander Hamilton, “The Examination, Number IX,” January 18, 1802

“Perhaps no man in the United States has sacrificed or done more for the present Constitution than myself — and contrary to all my anticipations of its fate, as you know from the very beginning I am still labouring to prop the frail and worthless fabric. Yet I have the murmurs of its friends no less than the curses of its foes for my rewards. What can I do better than withdraw from the Scene? Every day proves to me more and more that this American world was not made for me.”

Alexander Hamilton, letter to Gouverneur Morris, February 29, 1802

“There is so much Rascallity, so much Venality and Corruption, so much Avarice and Ambition, such a Rage for Profit and Commerce among all Ranks and Degrees of Men even in America, that I sometimes doubt whether there is public Virtue enough to Support a Republic.”

John Adams, letter to Mercy Warren, January 8, 1776

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