The System That Survived Apartheid
South Africa’s townships were built to enforce white supremacy. Three decades into democracy, they remain the foundation of a racialized capitalism that governs through scarcity and patronage.
When South Africa’s housing minister, Thembi Simelane, appeared on a local news channel last November, she spoke with confidence. Since the end of apartheid in 1994, the African National Congress (ANC), the liberation movement turned dominant ruling party, had built housing for four million people and was, according to Simelane, “making strides.” Yet the same […]
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