The Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees and Bartenders International Union (HERE) gathered in Milwaukee in 1947 for its largest convention in history. With over 400,000 members, HERE was the fifth-largest affiliate of the American Federation of Labor — and growing. But a majority of delegates arrived in a less-than-celebratory mood, seeking to ban the Communists who had been so central to the union’s successes from the organization altogether.

Before the vote on a constitutional anti-communist clause, newly elected HERE president Hugo Ernst spoke against the “drastic” motion. He praised “the officers of Local 6 for the splendid work they have done in the hotels in New York, which we tried unsuccessfully to organize a good many years ago.” He attributed their success not to their being Communists (“probably in spite of that”) and lamented that had they refrained “from using their official position for other than trade union principles, probably we would not be confronted with this issue that is before us now.” Dedicating union staff and funds to Communist Party (CP) front activities far afield from contract enforcement was the most salient complaint that opponents had been lodging.

But the proposed amendment was carried amid boos while a number of delegates paraded around the convention hall waving American flags and singing “God Bless America.” Communist influence in the American Federation of Labor (AFL)’s Hotel & Restaurant Employees, though, didn’t end with a purge like it would in the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) a year later.