Why the Shadow Inc. App Failed
Building an app is more than shipping some code and telling people to use it. It is adding a new factor to a complex social system. It requires planning, training, and care. And yet the Shadow Inc. app used in the Iowa caucuses was built and shipped in three months.

Officials from the 68th caucus precinct overlook the results of the first referendum count during a caucus event on February 3, 2020, at Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa. Tom Brenner / Getty
The Democratic race has begun with a major technical debacle. The final results in the Iowa caucus have been delayed while data is manually verified and are, at the time of writing, only reporting 97 percent of responses. Days after Pete Buttigieg essentially declared victory, his lead on Bernie Sanders has narrowed to one-tenth of a percentage point, with some precincts and satellite sites not yet reported — satellite sites that the Sanders campaign deliberately heavily organized.
Theories have been circulating on social media since Monday. The app used to communicate results between the individual caucuses and the statewide party was produced by a privately owned company called Shadow Inc. Shadow Inc. is staffed by a number of former members of Hillary Clinton’s digital campaigning team. Shadow Inc. is partially funded by a nonprofit called Acronym. Former employees of Acronym are now senior staffers on the campaign of Pete Buttigieg. The founder of Acronym is married to a senior strategist in Buttigieg’s campaign.
Supporters of the Sanders campaign are suggesting foul play from the Democratic Party bureaucracy, and #MajorCheat trended most of Tuesday on Twitter. Meanwhile, the Iowa Democrats’ Twitter account has been tweeting out results, then quickly correcting them, only fueling further doubt.